■Mis- 




Conservation Resources 
Lig-Free® Type I 
Ph 8.5, Buffered 



N 



>E 1137 
1135 
:opy 1 



PRINCIPLES 



OF 



English Pronunciation 



FOR 



GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, 



HIGH SCHOOLS, AND ACADEMIES. 



BY 



ROBERT McCAY, M. A., 



SUPT. CITY SCHOOLS, BURLINGTON, IOWA. 



BURLINGTON, IOWA: 

ACRES, BLACKMAR & CO., PRINTERS. 
1892. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



@^tp> iojujrinfi !fa*. 

Shelf J'lLi- 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



PRINCIPLES 



OF 



English Pronunciation 



FOR 



GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, 



HIGH SCHOOLS, AND ACADEMIES. 



BY 



ROBERT McCAY, M. A., 
M 

SUPT. CITY SCHOOLS, BURLINGTON, IOWA. 



/& 



7»y' 



BURLINGTON, IOWA: 

ACRES, BLACKJUAR & CO,, PRINTERS. 

1892, 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year A. D. 1892, 

By KOBERT McCAY, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



**PR£FAGE.** 

I T^T EITHER fame nor wealth, nor a desire for either, has induced me to 

J ±\ prepare this pamphlet, but an earnest and sincere desire to be of 

^"qXsT service to such persons, particularly teachers, as wish to hear our 

words properly pronounced. In my opinion a few months or even 

weeks given by grammar or high school pupils, or college students, 

to a careful study of the principles here outlined will prove more helpful 

than the mastery of any half dozen orthoepical manuals yet published. 

Would it not be wise in teachers to give less time to the spelling of words 

which pupils will never write, and more to the orthoepy of words which 

they will often speak ? 

A careful study of the Principles, as here presented, will disclose the 
fact that our pronunciation is by no means so lawless as many have igno- 
rantly supposed. It will give such a grasp of the subject as will enable a 
person to pronounce correctly hundreds of words without referring to a 
dictionary at all. It will afford real pleasure, and mental discipline by 
removing the subject from the domain of verbal memory and placing it 
upon a reasonable basis. 

In order that a uniform pronunciation may be acquired it is, in my 
judgment, wise to teach pupils the first pronunciation given in Webster's 
International Dictionary. If they do their work well, they will usually be 
able to assign good reasons, why it is so pronounced. 

R. M. 

Burlington, Iowa, March 28, 1892. 



principle^ of £ftj01i$h pfofiMiciatiofi. 



| ^ I ^HESE principles have few, if any, exceptions in the pronunciation 
of Latin and Greek proper names, of thousands of scientific terms 
^~&§ fr° m those languages, and in the English method of pronouncing 
Latin; not many exceptions among our numerous derivatives from 
* Latin and Greek; and are generally in conformity with the pro- 
nunciation of most other words of our language. 



SUGGESTIONS. 

1. The rules for quantity are chiefly, though by no means solely, 
valuable for determining the pronunciation of the first four classes of 
words mentioned above. 

2. These principles and their exceptions should be learned by repeat- 
edly applying them. Take up one at a time and require pupils to find 
illustrations. 

3. Constant use should be made of the "General Principle. 11 

4. In teaching the pronunciation of Latin, turn at once to the 
Vocabulary, and learn to determine the quantity of each penultimate sylla- 
ble (not vowel), in words of more than two syllables, by the rules for quan- 
tity. Next determine place of accent, or accents. Then begin pronouncing 
words, appealing first to the "General Principle, 11 and carefully observing 
the special rules for vowels and consonants. 

Note.— Syllables containing a vowel with a macron above it are said to be long by- 
authority. Syllables neither long by rule nor authority are short. 



PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION', 



1 Long, i 



1. If it contains a diphthong or a long vowel. 

Note. — Vowels are long before ns and nf ; also (usually) before 
gn and j; also (usually) final i, o, and u in words of more 
than one syllable. 

2. If its vowel is followed by j, x, or z, or any two 
consonants, except a mute and a liquid. 

Note.— The mutes are p, t, k (c) and their cognates b, d, and 
g. The liquids are 1 and r. 



2. Short. 



f 1 . If its vowel is followed by a vowel or diphthong. 

j Note. — No account is to be taken of h in any of these rules. 

Note.— a, e, and y final are usually short in words of more 
L than one syllable. 



3 n c If its vowel, naturally short, is followed bv a mute 

• C ° mm0n -] and a liquid. 



ACCENT, i 



{ 1. Dissyllables are always accented upon the penult; as 
Caesar \ arbor. 

2. Trisyllables and polysyllables are accented upon the 
penult if it is long in quantity, otherwise upon the ante- 
penult; as verbatim; abacus; apparatus; (secondary accent 
on ap); natatorium (secondary accent on no). 

Note 1— Determine also by 2, whether the secondary accent falls 
two, or three syllables before the primary. 

Note 2.— In words of more than two syllables penults that are com- 
mon are unaccented in prose, except genitives in ius. Facio retains its 
own accent when compounded with any word except a preposition. 

Note 3.— Observe the quantity of final vowels; for an enclitic joined 
to a final long vowel places it under accent. Some Latin grammars say 
that the ultima is always accented upon receiving an enclitic. 

Note 4.— A Latin word always contains as many syllables, as separate 
L vowels and diphthongs. 



SodfidJ of Uttefs. 



GENERAL PRINCIPLE. —Sound all the letters as In English 
words similarly accented. 



1. In final syllables ending in a vowel; as, folio; 
Albino. 

2. In all syllables before a vowel or diphthong; hiatus: 
] Aeneid. 

3. In penultimate syllables before a single consonant, 
or before a mute followed by a liquid; as gratis; biceps. 

4. In unaccented syllables, not final, before a single 
j consonant, or before a mute followed by a liquid: as, 

f^ , ^ impetus; cerebrum; curator. 

1. In final syllables ending in a consonant; as, status; 
consul; gratis. 

2. In all syllables before x, or any two consonants, 
nu I j except a mute followed by a liquid; as, axis; umbra; 

j posse; Cassius. 

3. In all accented syllables, not penultimate, before one 
or more consonants; as, cerebrum; compendium; curricu- 

[^ lum; capital; copula. 



CD 

X 

&3 



SOUNDS OF LETTERS. 7 

A. 1. Unaccented as in comma. 2. After qu before dr, as in 
quadruped (short o). 3. After qu before rt. as in quart (a). 4. Be- 
fore r final, or r followed by any consonant, except r. as in 
arbiter (a). 

A, E, or O before a single consonant (or a mute and a liquid), 
followed by e, i, or y before another vowel, is long; as in habeas; 
alias; odium. 

E long in es final. 

I. 1. Short in both syllables of tibi and sibi. 2. Preceded by 
an accented a, e. o, or y, and followed by another vowel, has the 
sound of consonant y; as in naiad. 3. Long in the first syllable of 
a word the next of which is accented, when it stands alone before a 
consonant or ends a syllable before a vowel; as in silurus; Diana. 

I and Y unaccented, in any syllable except the first and last, are 
generally short; as in janitor; animal; alias. 

17. 1. Short before bl; as in Publius. 2. Long in any syllable 
not final, before a single consonant, except x. or any mute and liquid 
except bl; as in jugular; superior; duplex. 3. In qu, and gener- 
ally in gu and su before a vowel, as consonant w; as in quorum; 
suadeo. 4. Ending an accented syllable and following r sounds as 
long oo. 

E, I, or Y before final r, or r before any other consonant than 
r has the sound of e in herbarium. U as in ursa (u). 

O. 1. Long in os final in plural cases; as in folios. 2. Long 
in post and its compounds, but not in its derivatives; as in postcava; 
posterior. 3. Before r final, or before r followed by any other con- 
1 sonat than r. it sounds as in squalor (6). 

f JEa or CE has the sound of e in a similar position; as in Ceesar; 
! Dcedalus; cenomania. 

Au, as in aurora . In the termination of Greek proper names. 
I they are pronounced separately. 

Ei (seldom a diphthong) as in eidolonil). 

Ui in cut and huic, same as ei above (I). 

Oi (seldom a diphthong) as oi in oil. 






SOUKDS OF LETTERS. 

C. 1. Before i preceded by an accented syllable and followed 
by a vowel has the sound of sh; as, in fades. 2. Has the same 
sound also before eu and yo preceded by an accented syllable; as in 
caduceus. 

C and G are soft only before e ; i, y, 8e, and ce; as in ccecam; 
cella; cicada; Cyclops; coenurus. 

Ch has the sound of k; as in chorus. 

G is soft before g soft; as in exaggeration. 

N in a monosyllable or accented syllable and followed by g hard 
or k (or any equivalent of k) is usually sounded as ng; as in congress. 
Words beginning with the prefixes in or non are excepted. 

8. 1. Like z at the end of a word after e, se au, b, m, n, r; as 
in manes. 2. In a few words after the analogy of English words; 
i as Cwsar; miser. Not in their oblique cases. 3. Has the sound of 
sh when preceded by a consonant in an accented syllable and fol- 
lowed by i before a vowel. 

S or Z immediately preceded by an accented vowel and followed 
by i before another vowel equals zh; as in vision. 

Note.— S is exceptional in Asia and a few other words, where it equals sh. 

T has the sound of sh when preceded by an accented syllable 
and followed by i before a vowel; as in ratio, except: 1. After s, t, 
x, or z. 2. In old infinitives in ier. 3. Generally in proper names 
in tion or tyon; as in Philiction. 

X. 1. Has the sound of ksh when preceded by an accented 
syllable and followed by i before another vowel; as in noxious. 2. At 
the beginning of a syllable has the sound of z. 3. Ending a sylla- 
ble equals ks; except as in 1, or before an accented syllable beginning 
with a vowel when it equals gz. Remember, that no note is 
^ taken of h. 

When the first part of a compound is entire and ends in a con- 
sonant, the vowel preceding such consonant is generally short, but 
-{ those syllables (post, es, os) having the vowel long by exception 
retain it so in their compounds. Etiarn and quoniam are generally 
pronounced as simple words. 

f Ch. before th is silent. 

Ph. before th is silent. 

M before n is silent. 

G before n is silent. 

T before m is silent. 

C before t is silent. 

P before t or s is silent. 
I X has the sound of z. 



INITIAL CONSONANTS. 



Utifi Vocabulary. 




if^HE words here used for illustration have been taken 
from Swinton's Word Analysis, and the principal parts 
of the verbs are given in their usual order; so that 
pupils using that text or intending to study Latin may 
memorize them if they wish to do so. The latter part 
of the list consists of the third form of the verb only, 
the one not given in the text. 

Those syllables that are long by authority have the macron 
over their vowels. All other syllables not long by some rule 
for quantity are to be considered as short. 

After pupils have had considerable drill in applying these 
principles, they should begin to memorize them, in the lan- 
guage of the book. 

1 Ago, agere, egi, actum; alienus; amo, amare, amavi, 
amatum; amicus; animus; anima; annus; ars, artis; audio, 
audire, audlvi or audii, audltum; caput, capitis; civis; cor, 
cordis; corpus, corporis; credo, credere, credidi, creditum; 

5 curro, currere, cucurri, cursum; dignus; doceo, docere, docui, 
cloctum; dominus; finis; fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum; grex, 
gregis; eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum; lapis, lapidis; lex, legis; lit— 
tera; mors, mortis; norma; ordo, ordinis; pars, partis; pes, 
pedis; rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum; tempus, temporis; alo, 
10 alere, alui, altum or alitum; alesco, alescere; augeo, augere, 
auxi, auctum; cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus; caedo, caedere, 
cecidi, caesum; candeo, candere, candui; cano, canere, cecini; 
capio, capere, cepi, captum; caveo, cavere, cavi cautum; cedo, 
cedere, cessi, cessum; censeo, censere, censui, censum; cerno, 



10 LATOT VOCABULARY. 

15 cernere, crevi, (cretum); certo, certare, certavi, certatum; 
cito, citare, citavi, citatum; clamo, clamare, clamavi, clama- 
tum; claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum; colo, colere, colui, 
cultum; creo, creare, creavi, creatum; cresco, crescere, crevi. 
cretum; cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum; do, dare, dedi, datum; 

20 debeo, debere, debui, debitum; dico, dicere, dixi, dictum; 
doleo, dolere, dolui, dolitum; divido, dividere, divlsi, divlsum; 
duco, ducere, duxi, ductum; duro, durare, duravi, duratum; 
emo, emere, emi, emptum: erro, errare, erravi, erratum; 
sum, esse, fui; facio, facere, feci, factum; fallo, fallere, 

25 fefelli, falsum; for, fari, fatus; fateor, fateri, fassus; fero, 
ferre, tuli, latum; ferveo; fervere; fido. fidere. fisum; 
figo, figere, fixi, fixum; fingo, fingere, finxi, iictum: 
flecto, flectere, fiexi, flexum; frango, frangere, fregi, frac- 
tum: fruor, frui, fructus; fugio, fugere, fugi; fundo, 

30 fundere, fudi, fusus; gessi; genui; gradior, gradi, gres- 
sum: haesi: jeci; junxi; juravi; legi; levavi; lusi; nie- 
mini, meminisse; memoravi; mersi; migravi; minui; mir- 
or, mirari, miratum; miscui; misi; moderor, moderari, 
moderatum; monui; momordi; monstravi; movi; mutavi; 

35 nascor, nasci, natum; nexui; negavi; nocui; novi; nun- 
ciavi; nutrlvi; pandi; paravi; pepuli; pependi; petivi 
or petii; plexi or plexui; posui; portavi; potui; prehendi; 
pressi; probavi; pupugi; putavi: rapui; rexi; rogavi; rupi; 
scandi; scripsi; secui; sedi; sensi; servavi; stiti; solvi; 

40 spexi; spiravi; spopondi; steti; statui; strinxi; struxi; sumpsi; 
tetigi; tetendi; tenui; torsi; traxi; tribui; trusi; vasi; valui; 
veni; verti; yidi; vocavi; volvi. 



Additional gHftciples afld Sil^estiofis. 



Great care should always be exercised in the utterance of vowels not 
under accent. Their utterance should be neither slovenly nor pedantic. 

For the pronunciation of all illustrative words see Webster's Interna- 
tional Dictionary. Where reference is made to a section, Int. refers to the 
International and Ac. to both the Academic and the Unabridged, under 
' 'Principles of Pronunciation. 

A before r closing a more or less strongly accented syllable and not 
followed by a vowel or another r generally has the sound of a in care. — Int. 
§ 43. A is often short Italian in words or syllables ending in sk. ff. ft. th. 
ss, sp. st. nee. nt. nd; also in unaccented syllables. — Int. § 61. 

E before final d is usually silent. — Ac. § 60; also before final n is 
usually (always in participles) silent unless immediately preceded by 1, m. 
n or r. — Ac. § 58. Before final 1 it is usually sounded (and short). — Ac. § 61. 
Silent, when closing a syllable and preceded by a consonant, it usually gives 
the preceding vowel its long sound. — Int. § 97. 

E or O constituting or ending an unaccented syllable has nearly its 
long sound. — Int. § 79: 112. 

I under accent, in a word derived from a Romance language, often 
has the sound of long e; as in. machine, — Int. 102. Is usually long in the 
initial syllables, i, bi, chi, cii, cri, pri, and tri. — Ac. § 48. In the chemical 
endings ine and ide it is preferably short. — Int. § 104. 

O in final on, preceded by c, ck, s, or t, is often silent. — Ac. § 57. In 
final or, it often has the sound of e in her; as in actor; Creator. The only 
safe way, in this case, is to consult the International. 

S initial in sist final of dissyllables never has the sound of z. except in 
desist and resist. 

XI RE final has the sound of your, unemphatic. Have you picked your 
(picture) cherries? For your, see Ac. § 128. 

THS final, in the plural of nouns, as rarely subvocal. — Ac. § 99. 



12 



ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES AND SUGGESTIONS. 



DIS initial, according to the Int., is never diz except in disaster, dis- 
cern, disease, dismal, dissolve, and their derivatives. 

When two consonants come together in a word one is usually silent. 
—Ac. § 109. 

In such words as that, from, of, etc., the vowel seldom has its short 
sound. — Ac. § 128. 



1. "Derivatives take for a time, if not permanently, the 
accent of the original words from which they are formed. 11 
—Ac. § 112. 

2. Ease of utterance influences somewhat the place of ac- 
cent.— Ac. § 113. 

ACCENT i **' * n dissyllables the tendency is to accent the penult. — 
Ac. § 114. 

4. Trisyllables and polysyllables tend to accent their ante- 
penult.— Ac. § 117. 

5. Words transferred from the Latin or Greek retain their 
I former accent. — Ac. § 118. 



^lish Vocabulary. 




T||||TJPILS should be trained to form a judgment in regard 
to the pronunciation of each word before consulting 
the dictionary. When wrong, he should attempt to 
discover why he was wrong. Train him to give rea- 
sons for accent, sounds of vowels, and sounds of con- 
sonants; also to make lists of such words as have ex- 
ceptional pronunciations. 

Most of these eleven hundred words are also suitable for 
spelling as well as for orthoepy. Those followed by a semi- 
colon (as well as some of the others) should be carefully looked 
up in the International, and in all cases the pronunciation 
given first should be adopted. Hasten Slowly at first. Review 
often. Look carefully after the unaccented vowels. Never 
give a secondary accent unless the dictionary does so. Be 
neither pedantic nor slovenly in your utterance. Teachers may 
profitably have this work upon Tuesdays and Thursdays in- 
stead of spelling. 

1 Abdomen, acoustics, accented, access, acorn, actor, acts, 
address, adept, ado, adieu, advance, advantage, advertise, 
aerolite, aeronaut; after, again, aged, alas, albumen, alias, 
alibi, alkali; allopathist, allopathic, ally, alley, alma mater, 
alloy, alpaca, almond, alms, alternate (a. and n.), alternate 

5 (v.), alternately, amateur: and, Andes, angel, angle, ani- 
line, annex (n. and v.), answer, ant, aunt, antarctic, an- 
tique, apparatus, apron, Arab, Arabic, arbutus; arctic, area, 
arsenic (n.), arsenic (a.), Asia, asparagus, ask, asp, ass, at- 
tar, aurora borealis, aye (yes), aye (always), Bach, bade, 



14 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

10 baluster, balustrade, Banquo, banquet, basin, basket, 
baths; because, beckon, been, Belial, bellows, beneath, bi- 
cycle, biography, biology, bivouac, bleat, blouse, blue, 
bomb; bombast; bona fide, booth, bosom, boulevard, bou- 
quet, born, borne, bourn, bovine, branch, bravo (n.), bravo 

15 (interj.); breeches, bromide, bromine, bronchus, bronchial, 
bronchitis, brooch, buoy, burlesque, business, butcher, butter- 
ine, cabal, cable, cafe; calf, Calliope, calm, canine, canon (a 
gorge), can on, (a law), can't, care, caret, carrat; carrot, 
capture, carcanet. cap-a-pie, carbine, cartridge, cask, ear- 

20 nelian, Cassius, catch, cayenne, cement: cemetery, cerebral, 
chaffed, chaise, chapel, chemise, Chinese, chisel, cherry, 
Christianity; circuitous, civil, clangor, cleanly (adj.) clean- 
ly (adv.), clematis, clew, coffee, collier, combatant, com- 
munism, command, comedian, complex, compact (n.); 

25 compact (not a n.), comparable, complexioned, comrade; 
concave; conclave; concord, Concord, concourse, concrete 
(a v.), concrete (not a v.), conduit, confidant, condemner, 
confiscate, congenial, congress, congressional, conquest, con- 
strue, consummate, contour, contumely, convex, coquette, 

30 coral, cornet, eorneter, cordial, corridor, cost, costume; 
cough, council, counsel, consul, courier, courteous, cour- 
tesy (n.), courtesy (n. and v.), coupon, coverlet, cousin, 
cozen, cranberry, creature, creek, crematory; crinoline, 
crinoid, crochet, crupper, cuisine, culinary, cupboard, cu- 

35 pola, curator, currant, current, culture, curtail, cyclopedic, 
cynosure, dahlia, Danish, deaf, debris, decade, decollete; de- 
corous, deficit, defile, demise, demonstrate, depot; depths, de- 
sign; Des Moines, desert, dessert, devastate, dew, devil, digest 
(v.), digress, dilate, dilute, diphthong, diphtheria; diploma, 

40 discern, discourse, disease, dishonest; disputant, dissolve, di- 
verge, diverse (a.), divert, docile, does, dog, donkey, 
drowned, dude; duet, duty, dynamite; dyspepsia, easel, e'er, 
either, elite, elusive, elm, employee, encore, envelope, 
epistle, epitome, ere, erring, error, erudition, erysipelas, 



ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 15 

45 etiquette, evasion, evil, every, example, excursion, exhaust; 
exhort; exile, exit, expert (n.), expert (a.), exponent, ex- 
port (v.), exquisite, extant, Byre, Fahrenheit, fatigue, fau- 
cet, facet, feature, February, feline, fertile, ferule, fete (v.), 
Fenian, fidelity, filial, finis, flew, flue, florin, flute, forbade, 

50 forehead, fortune, fossil, franchise, frequent (\ r ), frontier, 
frontispiece, fuchsia, future, gallant (n. and v.), gallant 
(a.), gallant (a.), gallows, gamin: ganglion, gape, garru- 
lous, gasoline, gasolene, genial, genius, genius, genuine, 
gerund, geyser, gibbet, giraffe, glacier, geyser, gladiator. 

55 gladiolus, glance, glucose, gneiss, glue, gondola, granary, 
gratis, grease (v.), grimace, grimy, groat, guardian, guillo- 
tine, gum-arabic, halloo, hand, harass, handsome, hassock, 
hayfever, heard, hearth, heaven, height, heinous, helio- 
trope, helm, herb, hereof, herewith, hiccough, history, hog. 

60 hoist, homage, homeopathist, homeopathic, hoodlum, hoof, 
hoop, horizon, horror, hospitable, hostage, hostile, hostler, 
hound, hovel, humor, humorous, hurra, hydropathic, hygiene, 
hypocrisy, hypothenuse, Iceland moss, idea, ides, ignoramus, 
ill-natured, illustrate, illustrative, image, imbecile, immo- 

65 bile, immoral, impartiality, impious, impotent, incisor, in- 
clude, incomparable, increase (n.), incubus, indian; indi- 
gestion, indisputable, industry, inexorable, inexplicable, in- 
ferable, inflammable, ingenuous, inmate, inquiry, insects, 
institute, insulate, interesting, intestine, intrigue, inveigle, 

70 inventory, iodide, irate, irksome, iron, irony (a.), irony 
(n.), ironic, irrefutable, irreparable, irrespirable, irrevo- 
cable, isinglass, isolate; italic, jaguar, jasmine, jew, jew's- 
harp. jocose, joist, rejoiced, jovial, jugular, Julius, Julian, 
Juliet, juvenile, kettle, kind, kitchen, kitten, klick, clique, 

75 kuklux; label, lager, lance, landlord, languid, lapel, lam- 
entable, laryngitis, meningitis, larynx, pharynx, lass, 
latent, patent; laths, Latin, latitude, laugh, laundry, laurel, 
lava, learned (a.), lecture, legged, legend, legislature, leis- 
ure, lenient, lesser, lessor, lettuce, levee; libel, lichen, lien; 



16 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

80 light-hearted, lief, lieu, lilac, linen, linguist, liquor, litera- 
ture, lithographer, photographer, telegrapher, livelong, 
loath, loathe, lobelia, long, long-lived, lucid, lucre, lucra- 
tive, lunatic, lute, luxury, luxurious, lyrist, magazine, mag- 
nesia, magna charta, maintenance, mamma, manes, manes, 
85 manganese, maniacal, manor, manner, marigold, marriage, 
masculine, mask, massacred, matinee, parquet, matron, 
patron, matrass, mattress, mauve, medal, meddle, medic- 
inal, mediocre, melodrama, memoir, menagerie, menial, 
menu, mercantile, merciful, metal, mettle, mezzo, micros- 
90 copist, mignonette, milch, millionaire; minute (a.), min- 
ute (n. ), mirage, mischievous, misconstrue, misnomer, 
mistletoe, mitten, mobile, monad, mongrel, morphine, mor- 
sel, moths, museum, mushroom, mustache; mutton, nape, 
nasal, nasty, national, nasturtium, nauseous, naval, navel, 
95 ne'er, neither, neuter, new, knew, gnu, news, niche, nickel, 
none, noose, notable (a), novel, nurture, nutritious, oasis, 
oaths, obeisance, obligatory, oblique, of, off, offal, awful, 
often, oleomargarine, omega, omelet, onerous, onyx, op- 
ponent, opportune, oracle, orange, orator, ordeal, orgies, 

100 orotund, orthoepy, orthoepist, orthoepic, orthoepical, or- 
thoepically, oxide, oxalis, pageant, palatine, Palestine, pan- 
creas, pantheon, papa, parcel, paregoric, parent, parsley, 
parterre, parotid, partridge, passover, pastor, pasture, paths, 
patriotic, pedagogic, percale, pedal (a.), pedal (a.), pedal 

105 (n.), peddle, pedestal, Pegasus, peninsula, penult, antepe- 
nult; peony, peremptory, perfect (v.), perfume (n.), per- 
fume (v.), permit (v.), permit (n.), persist, pestle, petal, 
petrel, sepal, phaeton, phalanx, philopena, phthisic, phthi- 
sis, physique, phonograph, piano; pique, peak, peekaboo, 

110 picture, pompadour; placard, plagiary, plaid, plait, ple- 
beian, pleurisy, plume, plural, pneumonia, porridge, por- 
trait, portiere, porcelain, posse, possess; posterior, praetor, 
pretor, pomegranate; prairie, prayer (n.)^ prayer (n.), pre- 
cedent (a.), precedent (n.), preface, prefix (n.), prefix (v.), 



EXGLISH VOCABULARY. 17 

115 prescience, presentation, pretence, pretext, pretty, preven- 
tive, prism, prison, pristine, process, produce (v.), produce 
(n.), product, profile; program, prolix, project (n), prom- 
enade; pronunciation; psalm, psalmody, pulpit, pumice, pu- 
pil, pursuit, push, pyramidal, pyrites, pythoness, pumpkin, 

120 quadrille, quarantine (n.). quarantine (v.). querulous, qui- 
nine, quoth, radish, raft, raillery, rapine, raspberry, ratio, 
ration, rational, recess, recluse, reconnoiter, record (v.), 
record (n.), recourse, redress, red-tape, restaurant; refut- 
able, regalia, repartee, reprimand, reptile, resource, respir- 

125 able, resume, retort, reveille: reverie, revolt, rhythm, rind, 
rinse, rise ( n.), rise (v.), risible, roof, root, rosin, rouge. 
rout, routine, sacerdotal, sacrament, sacrifice, sacrilege, 
said, saleratus. salient, saline, salmon, salute, salve, salver, 
(a dish), sapphire, sardine, satan. satiate, satin, satire, 

130 satrap, satyr, savant, says, scarce, scath. scathe, scathing, 
scarlatina, scenic, schism, sciatica, sculpture, seamstress. 
seance, seclude, sects, seine, self-help, semi, sempstress, se- 
nile, senior, sentient, sergeant, series, serpentine, servile, 
sesame, sesterces, seven, severity, sewer (n.). sewer (n.). 

135 shaft, sheaths, sheathe, shiek, shew, sheriff, shone, shorn, 
short-sighted, shovel, shrub, siesta, similar, silesia. sirup, 
siren, slabber (v.); slew, slabber (n.); slabber (n.), sloth, 
slough (n.), slough (n.): slough (n.). slough (v.), smithy, 
sobriquet, sofa, soiree, sojourn, soften, sol (n.). sol (n.). sol- 

140 ace, soldier, solder; somersault, soon. soot, sooth, soothe, 
soprano, sorry, souse, southeast, souvenir, sovereign, spare, 
specialty, specie, species, spikenard, spinage, spiracle, spoon, 
spouse, springe, squaller. squalor, squirrel; staffs, statue, 
statute, stature, status, steelyard, staves, stereoscope, ster- 

145 ile, stew, stirrups, stomach, stratum, strata, strategic, 
strew, student, stupid, stupor, subsidence, subtile, subtle, 
sue. suffice, suffix (n.), suffix, suggest, suit, suite, sumac; 
superfluous, superiority, supine (a.), supine (n.), surcease, 
supple, surname (n.), surname (v.), survey (v.), survey 



18 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 

150 (n.), suture, synchronal, syncope, sword, syringe, tableau, 
talc, talcose, tapestry, tarpaulin, target, taught, tapis, teat, 
tedious, temptation, tenet, tepid, terrapiu. teuton, therefore, 
therewith, tilde, thyme, threshold, tinsel, tiny, tomato, ton- 
tine, tortoise, tour, towards, toucan, transom, tranquil, 

155 tranquillity, transition, transfer (n.), transfer (v.), transi- 
tive, translucent, tragacanth, traverse, tribune, tricot, tri- 
cycle, trio, trichina, tri-weekly, troche, trow, truths, tube, 
tune, tuberose; tutor, Tuesday, umbrella, uncle, umlaut, 
uncomely, unguent, unison, uphill (a.), uphill (adv.), 

160 uranus, vagary, valet, valise, vase, venial, venison, vaseline, 
venue, verbena, vermicelli, version, vicar, vicinity, villain, 
vindicative, vineyard, virile, vis-a-vis, visible, vivacious, 
vocable, vocative, walnut, walrus, wand, want, warrior, 
well-bred, widow, wind (n.), wind (v.), won't, wont, 

165 wound (n.), wounded, worsted (v.), worsted (n.), wreaths, 
yacht, youths, yolk, zoology, zouave. 

Can the dismal disaster discern and dissolve the disease? 
We have yet a few new beautiful suits, suitable for Susan's 
'dudish 1 suitors. I insist that you shall persist in saying re- 
sist until I desist. Is it not singular how some stupid students 
pronounce plural? 



DIACRITICAL MARKS. 



Macron, 

Dots, 

Circumflex. 
Wave. 



i above or below a 



vowel. 



••J 



1 

}■ above a vowel, 

J 



indicate 
loug sounds. 



Breve, 
Dot. 



above a vowel, 1 



above or below a 

vowel, J 



i indicate 

f short sounds. 



Bar. 



across c and 
over g, 



indicates hard 
sounds. 



Cedilla, 
Dot, 



under c, 



over g, 



i indicate soft 

f sounds. 



Suspended 
Bar. - 



under S and X. 



indicates 
sub-vocal 

sounds. 



i 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



003 342 489 9 



° »°3 3427a" 



mmuL 



Conservation Resources 
Lig-Free® Type I 
Ph 8.5, Buffered 





000 3 342 489 



